A Saúde Coletiva e suas áreas: territórios ou aldeamentos? / Public health and its areas: territories or villagization? / La Salud Colectiva y sus áreas: ¿Territorios o asentamientos?

A progressiva conformação de áreas específicas de conhecimento e prática no interior do campo da Saúde Coletiva brasileira tem desafiado sua unidade e sua identidade enquanto tal. Como compreender o movimento centrífugo de diferenciação dessas áreas desde sua origem comum? Como resgatar uma identidade de campo e criar sinergias entre as áreas? O presente ensaio busca refletir sobre essas questões tomando por base aportes teórico-filosóficos da hermenêutica contemporânea (Gadamer, Ricoeur, Habermas). Critica-se a noção de territorialidade epistemológica e, recorrendo a uma identidade normativo-proposicional oriunda da facticidade do social na saúde, propõe-se a noção de "aldeamento" para (re)construir a unidade do campo em sua pluralidade, indicando-se alguns movimentos com potencial de estimular esse processo.(AU)

The progressive configuration of specific areas of knowledge and practice within the field of public health in Brazil poses a challenge for the maintenance of the field's identity and unity. How can we understand the centrifugal movement of the differentiation of these areas away from their common origin? How can we restore the identity of the field and create synergies between areas? This essay reflects on these issues drawing on the theoretical and philosophical contributions of contemporary hermeneutics (Gadamer, Ricoeur, Habermas). We provide a critique of the notion of epistemological territoriality and, utilizing a normative and propositional identity derived from the facticity of the social in health, we propose the notion of "villagization" to (re)construct field unity in its plurality, indicating some movements that have the potential to stimulate this process.(AU)

La progresiva conformación de áreas específicas de conocimiento y práctica en el interior del campo de la Salud Colectiva brasileña ha desafiado su unidad y su identidad como tal. ¿Cómo comprender el movimiento centrífugo de diferenciación de estas áreas desde su origen común?. ¿Cómo rescatar una identidad de campo y crear sinergias entre las áreas?. Este ensayo busca reflexionar sobre esas cuestiones, utilizando como base contribuciones teórico-filosóficas de la hermenéutica contemporánea (Gadamer, Ricoeur, Habermas). Se critica la noción de territorialidad epistemológica y, recurriendo a una identidad normativo-propositiva proveniente de la facticidad de lo social en la salud, se propone la noción de "asentamiento" para (re)construir la unidad del campo en su pluralidad, indicándose algunos movimientos con potencial para incentivar ese proceso.(AU)

Residência Médica e Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileira: convergências e conflitos na formação para o cuidado em saúde mental / Medical Residency and Brazilian Psychiatric Reform: Convergences and conflicts in the formation for Mental Health Care

Resumo O estudo tem por objetivo identificar em que medida e de que forma os princípios, diretrizes e métodos propostos pela Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira (RPB) estão presentes na formação dos psiquiatras em programas de Residência Médica. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo que investiga conteúdos e experiências promovidos durante a formação em programas de Residência Médica de Psiquiatria no Brasil. Foram entrevistados 16 sujeitos em quatro instituições públicas de formação, sendo dois programas centrados em hospitais-escola e outros dois em modelos integrados a serviços da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial. Os resultados do estudo permitem sustentar que, apesar de todos os programas remeterem a princípios da RPB em seus conteúdos teóricos, as oportunidades de prática dos modelos integrados dialogam mais diretamente com a experiência da RPB. Entre outros resultados relevantes, destacam-se: preocupação com o cuidado integral, não centrado apenas nos diagnósticos e sintomas, mas na singularidade e no andar a vida dos sujeitos; crítica à medicalização, seja na forma do uso abusivo de medicação, seja como interferência em demandas não especificamente médicas; importância de experiências interdisciplinares em equipes multiprofissionais e uma proposta da superação de uma cultura manicomial que vai além da institucionalidade dos serviços, mas que opera nos processos cotidianos de normalização social.

Abstract The study aims to identify to what extent and how the principles, guidelines and methods proposed by the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform (BPR) are present in the training of psychiatrists in medical residency programs. This is a qualitative study that investigates contents and experiences promoted during training in psychiatric medical residency programs in Brazil. A total of 16 subjects were interviewed in four public training institutions, two programs centered on school hospitals and two in models integrated with psychosocial care network services. The results of the study allow us to argue that, although all programs refer to BPR principles in their theoretical contents, the services integrated programs seems to promote a closer dialogue with the BPR experience. Among other relevant results, the following stand out: concern with comprehensive care, not focused only on diagnoses and symptoms, but on the singularity and ways of life of the subjects; criticism of medicalization, either in the form of abuse of medication, or as interference in non-specifically medical demands; relevance of interdisciplinary experiences in multidisciplinary teams and the aim to overcome a manicomial culture that goes beyond the institutionality of services, but that operates in the daily processes of social normalization.

Nurses and health care for gay adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze nurses' statements about health care for gay adolescents. METHOD: qualitative study, anchored on the Thematic Analysis of Clarke and Braun, with adoption of Symbolic Interactionism as a theoretical framework, since it favors the understanding of the relationship between behaviors, interactions, and social meanings. Twelve nurses recruited using the snowball sampling technique were remotely interviewed via the Google Meet® video-conferencing app. RESULTS: four themes were elaborated throughout the comprehensive-interpretative process: "Gay adolescents, agendas, and relation with health;" "The gay adolescent's family and care;" "Relationship with gay adolescents in care," and "Limits to nursing care for gay adolescents." CONCLUSION: the statements denounce stigmas and symbols derived from cisheteronormativity as intervening in the relationship and indicate the urgency of investing in the intersubjective encounter with gay adolescents and their families in a horizontal, affective, and empathic relationship, with chances of favoring public defense of the right to health. There are comments on the nurses' attitude and qualification of care for this population. KEYPOINTS: (1) Tendency towards "de-subjectifying" objectification in health practices. (2) Hegemony of cisheteronormative logic as a limitation to care. (3) Sex and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as stigmas attached to gay adolescents. (4) Family and health care for homosexual adolescents: opportunities and obstacles. (5) The limits and powers of nursing to enable equity in care for gay adolescents.

Health and human rights: Contributions of hermeneutics to a necessary dialogue.

The relationship between health and human rights has gained growing importance, whether in activist agendas or in governments strategies to face the challenging scenarios of global public health. However, there are important gaps to be filled so that the articulation between these two fields develops its full potential, and the question of knowledge plays a key role in this regard. This study aims at examining the possibilities and challenges of integrating a human rights perspective into the construction and validation of health knowledge, based on the contribution of authors from various theoretical traditions that have discussed the so-called 'hermeneutic turn' in contemporary philosophy and science. The thesis developed is that recognizing the place of hermeneutics in human rationality and its consequences for understanding various forms of knowledge and their respective practical meanings is a fundamental step towards an effective articulation between the fields of health and human rights. I argue that the hermeneutic rescue of the value of practical reason can enhance emancipatory reconstructions in the exercise of cognitive-instrumental rationality in the field of health.

[Unpublished work by Ricardo Bruno Mendes Gonçalves]. / Texto inédito de Ricardo Bruno Mendes Gonçalves.

This editorial centers on a previously unpublished work by Ricardo Bruno Mendes Gonçalves, recently published in Salud Colectiva, in which he considers the relationship between epidemiology and medical practice, arriving at a novel interpretation of the health sciences as a foundation for democracy. The text is based on an inaugural lecture delivered on December 16, 1988 as part of a seminar called "Clinical epidemiology: possible scientific field or new medical ideology?" organized by the Department of Preventive Medicine at the Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil.

Este editorial se centra en un texto inédito que Salud Colectiva publicó recientemente, en el que Ricardo Bruno Mendes Gonçalves aborda la relación entre la epidemiología y la práctica médica, y realiza una interpretación original de las ciencias de la salud como sustrato de la democracia. Se trata de la conferencia dictada el 16 de diciembre de 1988, en el marco de la apertura del seminario "Epidemiología clínica: ¿campo científico posible o nueva ideología médica?", organizado por el Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, de la Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil.

HIV prevention among gay and other men who have sex with men: public policy and social movements in Brazil, 1983-2019.

This article revisits the history of HIV prevention for gay and other men who have sex with men in relation to public health policy and the role of LGBT and AIDS-related social movements in Brazil. An interpretive study was undertaken informed by philosophical and phenomenological hermeneutics. It included interviews with policymakers, researchers and activists involved in HIV and AIDS, especially HIV prevention among gay and other men who have sex with men. Prevention initiatives were analysed with a focus on the social and programmatic aspects of vulnerability to HIV, and advances and setbacks in the Brazilian response to the epidemic. The recent crisis in HIV prevention triggered by a growing conservatism in Brazilian politics and the current government's LGBT-phobia pose barriers that compromise issues of profound importance with regards to policy on HIV and AIDS: namely, engagement with human rights and social participation.

Testing, Inequities and Vulnerability of Adolescents to Sexually Transmitted Infections.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) should form part of the comprehensive healthcare agenda for adolescents and young people (A&Y) and testing plays a strategic role in STI prevention. However, little attention has been paid to the social and programmatic obstacles to this practice among A&Y. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of testing for syphilis and HIV reported by a group of A&Y, analyzing its relationship with variables potentially indicative of inequities related to vulnerability to STIs. This was a cross-sectional survey applied to students at public high schools in three cities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The responses of 369 young people who reported having started sexual life were analyzed. The analysis included description of the frequencies of demographic and socioeconomic variables and their associations with testing for syphilis and HIV through the chi-square test. The concentration index (CI) was also calculated, with construction of the respective concentration curve for the associated variables. Positive associations were found between occurrence of testing and living in homes with up to three inhabitants, living in a marital situation with a regular or committed partnership, previous use of primary care services and previous use of hospitals or emergency services. The concentration curve for testing STIs showed significant contributions from the associated variables. The findings indicated that situations of inequity need to be addressed in order to reduce A&Y's vulnerability to STIs.

Interdisciplinaridade, interprofissionalidade e diversidade racial na formação antirracista do profissional de saúde: vozes e aprendizados / Interdisciplinarity, interprofessionality, and racial diversity in the anti-racist training of health professionals: voices and learnings

RESUMO Trata-se de relato crítico-reflexivo sobre a experiência de disciplina optativa voltada à formação de profissionais da saúde no combate ao racismo, oferecida aos estudantes de graduação da área de saúde na Universidade de São Paulo, durante a pandemia de Covid-19. A partir da descrição e da reflexão sobre as atividades de ensino e avaliação propostas, buscou-se reconhecer e apre(e)nder a contribuição da integração de saberes (interdisciplinaridade), de profissões (interprofissionalidade) e da diversidade racial no processo ensino-aprendizagem voltado ao combate ao racismo. São relatadas perspectivas de discentes, monitoras e docentes. A oferta da disciplina, com apoio de convidados, permitiu que o projeto abordasse o racismo e suas influências na saúde das pessoas negras e estimulou a produção cultural dos estudantes. A iniciativa mostrou-se uma possibilidade de introduzir mudanças na formação dos futuros profissionais de saúde em prol tanto da integralidade do cuidado quanto da colaboração interprofissional no combate ao racismo.

ABSTRACT This is a critical-reflective report on the experience of an elective course aimed at training health professionals in fighting racism. It was offered during the COVID-19 pandemic to undergraduate students from all the health subspecialties at the University of São Paulo. From the description and reflection on the proposed teaching and evaluation activities, we sought to recognize and learn/apprehend the contribution of the integration of knowledge (interdisciplinarity), professions (interprofessionality), and racial diversity in the teaching-learning process aimed at fighting racism. The perspectives of students, monitors, and teachers are reported. The support of guest teachers allowed this initiative to address racism and its influences on the health of black people, and the educational strategies encouraged students' cultural production. The initiative proved to be a possibility for introducing changes in health education in favor of both comprehensive care and interprofessional collaboration in dismantling racism.

Vulnerabilidade, Cuidado e integralidade: reconstruções conceituais e desafios atuais para as políticas e práticas de cuidado em HIV/Aids / Vulnerability, Care, and integrality: conceptual reconstructions and current challenges for HIV/AIDS care policies and practices

RESUMO As práticas de saúde de modo geral, e a resposta à epidemia de HIV/Aids em particular, atravessam período crítico e desafiador no contexto social e político do Brasil no momento atual. O presente ensaio teve como objetivo discorrer sobre alguns desses desafios e os construtos conceituais que se julgam relevantes como recursos para seu enfrentamento. A reflexão destaca a resistência à biomedicalização, às abordagens individualizantes e ao abandono da perspectiva dos direitos humanos como grandes desafios do combate à Aids e discute como os conceitos reconstrutivos de vulnerabilidade, Cuidado e integralidade, desenvolvidos no ambiente da reforma sanitária, da conformação do Sistema Único de Saúde e da própria construção da resposta brasileira à epidemia de HIV/Aids, podem trazer subsídios relevantes para a resistência ao desmonte das conquistas alcançadas e à construção de novos caminhos emancipadores para a saúde coletiva.

ABSTRACT Health practices in general, and the response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in particular, are going through a critical and challenging period in Brazil's current social and political context. This essay aimed to discuss some of these challenges and the conceptual constructs that are considered relevant as resources for facing them. The reflection highlights resistance to biomedicalization, to individualizing approaches and to the abandonment of the perspective of human rights as major challenges in the fight against AIDS, and discusses how the reconstructive concepts of vulnerability, care, and integrality, developed in the context of the health reform, the conformation of the Unified Health System (SUS), and the very construction of the Brazilian response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic can bring relevant subsidies to resist the dismantling of the achievements conquered and the construction of new emancipating paths for collective health.

Nurses and health care for gay adolescents / Enfermeiros diante do cuidado à saúde de adolescentes gays / Los enfermeros frente al cuidado de la salud de los adolescentes gays

Abstract Objective: to analyze nurses' statements about health care for gay adolescents. Method: qualitative study, anchored on the Thematic Analysis of Clarke and Braun, with adoption of Symbolic Interactionism as a theoretical framework, since it favors the understanding of the relationship between behaviors, interactions, and social meanings. Twelve nurses recruited using the snowball sampling technique were remotely interviewed via the Google Meet® video-conferencing app. Results: four themes were elaborated throughout the comprehensive-interpretative process: "Gay adolescents, agendas, and relation with health;" "The gay adolescent's family and care;" "Relationship with gay adolescents in care," and "Limits to nursing care for gay adolescents." Conclusion: the statements denounce stigmas and symbols derived from cisheteronormativity as intervening in the relationship and indicate the urgency of investing in the intersubjective encounter with gay adolescents and their families in a horizontal, affective, and empathic relationship, with chances of favoring public defense of the right to health. There are comments on the nurses' attitude and qualification of care for this population.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar narrativas de enfermeiros sobre o cuidado à saúde de adolescentes gays. Método: estudo qualitativo, ancorado na Análise Temática de Clarke e Braun, adotando como referencial teórico o Interacionismo Simbólico, uma vez que ele favorece a apreensão da relação de comportamentos, interações e significados sociais. Foram entrevistados remotamente 12 enfermeiros, recrutados a partir da técnica de bola de neve, por meio da plataforma de vídeo Google Meet ® . Resultados: ao longo do processo compreensivo-interpretativo, foram elaborados quatro temas: "Adolescente gay, pautas e relação com a saúde"; "A família do adolescente gay e o cuidado"; "Relação com adolescente gay no cuidado" e "Limites para o cuidar de enfermagem ao adolescente gay". Conclusão: as narrativas denunciam estigmas e símbolos derivados da cisheteronormatividade como intervenientes da relação e indicam premência de apostas no encontro intersubjetivo com os adolescentes gays e seus familiares em relação horizontal, afetiva e empática, com chances de favorecer defesa pública do direito à saúde. Há apontamentos para a atitude dos enfermeiros e qualificação do cuidado a essa população.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar los relatos de los enfermeros sobre el cuidado de la salud de los adolescentes gays. Método: estudio cualitativo, anclado en el Análisis Temático de Clarke y Braun, adoptando el Interaccionismo Simbólico como marco teórico, ya que favorece la aprehensión de la relación de comportamientos, interacciones y significados sociales. Fueron entrevistados remotamente 12 enfermeros, reclutados a partir de la técnica de bola de nieve, por medio de la plataforma de video Google Meet ® . Resultados: a lo largo del proceso comprensivo-interpretativo, se elaboraron cuatro temas: "Adolescente gay, pautas y relación con la salud"; "La familia del adolescente gay y el cuidado"; "Relación con adolescente gay en el cuidado" y "Límites para el cuidado de enfermería al adolescente gay". Conclusión: las narrativas denuncian los estigmas y símbolos derivados de la cisheteronormatividad como intervinientes de la relación e indican la urgencia de apuestas en el encuentro intersubjetivo con los adolescentes gays y sus familiares en relación horizontal, afectiva y empática, con posibilidades de favorecer la defensa pública del derecho a la salud. Hay apuntes para la actitud de los enfermeros y calificación del cuidado a esa población.

Older adult health and primary care: autonomy, vulnerabilities and challenges of care.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the relations between autonomy and health-disease-care processes of older adults in the daily life of primary health care. METHODS: Qualitative research developed in 2019, in a primary health unit in the central region of the city of São Paulo, using participant observation and in-depth interviews with 16 health professionals and 8 older adults. The construction and interpretation of the narratives produced in the study were guided by the perspective of Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics and Ricoeur's theory of interpretation. The theoretical framework of vulnerability/Careᵃ, as proposed by Ayres, guided the definition of the study and interpretative categories. RESULTS: Closely related to the difficulties, facilities and strategies to cope with the daily challenges in the health care of older adults, autonomy was an important marker of vulnerability (interpersonal, social and programmatic), indicating areas that require special attention, such as drug dispensing, urban mobility, social isolation, financial frailties and adequacy of service routines. CONCLUSION: Distinctly from an individual attribute, autonomy has proved to be the expression of relational characteristics, requiring plural and flexible practical-moral strategies, techniques and horizons, although always guided by the same ethical commitment to respect the singular needs of individuals.

Youth and the COVID-19 crisis: Lessons learned from a human rights-based prevention programme for youths in São Paulo, Brazil.

Youths living in crowded impoverished urban areas face higher risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2. This article presents lessons learned from a preventive intervention project intersected by the COVID-19 crisis that moved from a mix-methods study design to online ethnography. The 'home-officed' research team e-witnessed high-school students' daily lives and collaborated in youths' and community-based organisations' responses in the territories where they study and live. Psychosocial distress increased, also driven by the disastrous governmental response to the health and economic crises. There was growing anxiety about meeting friends and dating, with structural limits for sustaining the recommended social distancing, which added to gender/sexuality-based violence. Simultaneously, we observed students becoming relevant actors through co-producing preventive practices, surpassing risk-group notions and combining SARS-CoV-2 prevention with sexuality, gender, racism and mental-health issues. They managed internet-mediated applications to promote critical thinking and collective actions aimed at health promotion among their peers, from their homes. Freire's concept of 'untested-feasibility' fostered researchers', students' and community leaders' imaginations in the face of this unprecedented crisis, thereby enhancing social responses to the epidemic to become rights-based comprehensive dialogical preventive activities. This ongoing intervention-research stresses how prevention sciences can go beyond reduction of this pandemic to a viral event.

Older adult health and primary care: autonomy, vulnerabilities and challenges of care / Saúde do idoso e atenção primária: autonomia, vulnerabilidades e os desafios do cuidado

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To understand the relations between autonomy and health-disease-care processes of older adults in the daily life of primary health care. METHODS: Qualitative research developed in 2019, in a primary health unit in the central region of the city of São Paulo, using participant observation and in-depth interviews with 16 health professionals and 8 older adults. The construction and interpretation of the narratives produced in the study were guided by the perspective of Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics and Ricoeur's theory of interpretation. The theoretical framework of vulnerability/Careᵃ, as proposed by Ayres, guided the definition of the study and interpretative categories. RESULTS: Closely related to the difficulties, facilities and strategies to cope with the daily challenges in the health care of older adults, autonomy was an important marker of vulnerability (interpersonal, social and programmatic), indicating areas that require special attention, such as drug dispensing, urban mobility, social isolation, financial frailties and adequacy of service routines. CONCLUSION: Distinctly from an individual attribute, autonomy has proved to be the expression of relational characteristics, requiring plural and flexible practical-moral strategies, techniques and horizons, although always guided by the same ethical commitment to respect the singular needs of individuals.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Compreender as relações entre a autonomia e processos de saúde-doença-cuidado do idoso no cotidiano da atenção primária à saúde. MÉTODOS: Investigação qualitativa desenvolvida em 2019, em uma unidade básica de saúde da região central da cidade de São Paulo, utilizando observação participante e entrevistas em profundidade com 16 profissionais de saúde e 8 idosos. A construção e interpretação das narrativas produzidas no estudo foram orientadas pela perspectiva da hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer e a teoria da interpretação de Ricoeur. O quadro teórico da vulnerabilidade/Cuidadoᵃ, tal como proposto por Ayres, orientou a definição do desenho do estudo e das categorias interpretativas. RESULTADOS: Estreitamente relacionada às dificuldades, facilidades e estratégias de enfrentamento dos desafios diários na atenção à saúde do idoso, a autonomia mostrou-se um importante marcador de vulnerabilidade (interpessoal, social e programática), indicando áreas que requerem atenção especial, como dispensação de medicamentos, mobilidade urbana, isolamento social, fragilidades financeiras e adequação das rotinas dos serviços. CONCLUSÃO: Distintamente de um atributo individual, a autonomia revelou-se expressão de características relacionais, exigindo estratégias, técnicas e horizontes prático-morais plurais e flexíveis, embora sempre orientados pelo mesmo compromisso ético de respeito às necessidades singulares dos indivíduos.